Abolition: the Atlantic Cinema of Zózimo Bulbul

Corcina and Rio de Janeiro’s Underground Cinema

Roberto Moura, the (now retired) filmmaker and professor at UFF, began a research project in the 2000s that focused on what he called “cinema alternativo carioca” (Rio de Janeiro underground cinema). This project focused on the wide ranging film production (especially of short films) of Rio de Janeiro in the 1970s and early 1980s. Involving members of the Brazilian Association of Documentarians (ABD), production companies would include Corisco, Moura himself, and especially Corcina - Cooperative of Independent Film Directors. The underground films of this period are marked by a diversity and experimentalism which flourished under the so-called “Lei do Curta” (the mandatory exhibition of Brazilian short films together with foreign features). Directors such as José Joffily, Sérgio Péo, Sylvio Da-Rin, all participated in making bold short works. More recently, Lucas Parente (son of the multimedia artist and professor André Parente, who directed some short films that are included in this trend), started a movement to rescue this material, together with the Cinemateca do MAM, Dobra - International Festival of Experimental Cinema, and others. As a result of these efforts, a 2019 digitalization of Eclipse (Antonio Moreno, 1984), an animation painted directly on film, was exhibited in several festivals and academic events, giving continuity to Roberto Moura's research, and fostering a renewed interest in these films and directors.

The DVD Release of A Rainha Diaba

O Centro Técnico do Audiovisual (CTAv) has launched beautiful DVD editions of films from its collection over the past decades, such as silent films made in Cataguazes and Recife or even sound feature films such as O Saci (Rodolfo Nanni, 1951) and Assault on the Pay Train (Roberto Farias, 1962). Special mention should be made of the 2004 release of Antonio Carlos Fontoura's second feature film “A Rainha Diaba” (1974) on a beautiful DVD copy. This “pop-gay-black thriller” (as it was announced at the time of its release) was rediscovered two years after the premiere of Madame Satã by Karïm Anouz, helping to highlight that A Rainha Diaba is one of the most interesting Brazilian films of the 1970s. This is a beautiful example of the rescue of a film that was still very “modern” even at the time of its rediscovery. The neat edition of the DVD, filled with well-produced extras (interviews, making-ofs, trailers, etc.), was another incentive for the wide circulation of A Rainha Diaba after a certain ostracism to which the film had initially been unfairly relegated.

The Reconstruction of Acabaram-se os otários (1929)

The reconstruction of Acabaram-se os otários (1929) was a project developed by the University Laboratory of Audiovisual Preservation of the Federal Fluminense University (LUPA-UFF) and carried out by myself and professor Reinaldo Cardenuto. The project resulted in the 2019 launch of a shortened version of the first Brazilian sound feature film, which is considered lost. This project gathered together different remaining fragments of the work such as excerpts of moving images, photographs and sound records. This audiovisual preservation project, unlike the rest on this list, was a consequence of and not the impetus for academic research. As the study of the arrival and popularization of sound cinema in Brazil motivated the interest of several researchers such as Fernando Morais da Costa (UFF), Carlos Roberto de Souza (UFSCar), and Carlos Eduardo Pereira (Cinemateca do MAM), the work of Luiz de Barros began receiving more attention from researchers as well. Researchers of Luiz de Barros include myself, Luciana Corrêa de Araújo (UFScar) and her graduate student Evandro Vasconcellos, author of the M.A. dissertation “Entre o palco e a tela: as relações do cinema com o teatro de revista nas comédias de Luiz de Barros” (UFSCar, 2015). The reconstruction of Acabaram-se os otários, on the other hand, may come to encourage other projects that combine historical research and audiovisual preservation, bringing universities and film archives closer together.

“Classics of Cinédia” Restorations

In 2004, Cinédia released copies of four restored films produced by the company through a project sponsored by BR Distribuidora. One of them, Alô, alô, carnaval (Adhemar Gonzaga and Wallace Downey, 1936), was already the most well-known Brazilian musical of the 1930s. But two others - Mulher (Octávio Gabus Mendes, 1931) and 24 horas de sonho (Chianca de Garcia, 1941) - were true “novelties” for researchers, as they had not been widely circulated for many years. Directed by Octávio Gabus Mendes, Mulher was a silent film with music synchronized with Vitaphone records at a time when talkies were already the norm in Brazil for two years. However, at that time, many movie theaters, especially in the suburbs and in the countryside, had not yet begun the move toward sound cinema. The film is highly sophisticated, comparable to another late silent production by Cinédia, the classic Ganga Bruta (Humberto Mauro, 1933). In addition to prompting interesting research on sound in cinema and silent cinema, the restoration of Mulher was the subject of the M.A. dissertation by Joice Scavone, “Mulher: a trajetória do som do primeiro filme synchronizado da Cinédia” (UFF, 2013), which discussed the close link between film studies and film preservation in academia. The Classics of Cinédia restorations remain in restricted circulation, many of the works still unavailable in digital format. As a result, the fourth film which was restored, Adhemar Gonzaga’s 1944 Romance proibido remains practically unknown to audiences. Despite this, the films that are accessible had an extremely significant impact on the academic world.

Duplication of Fábula or Mitt Hem är Copacabana by Arne Sucksdorff

Swedish filmmaker Arne Sucksdorff was best known in the history of Brazilian cinema for having offered a film course in Rio de Janeiro in 1962, which became a milestone moment for the emerging Cinema Novo movement. However, before moving to Mato Grosso’s Pantanal (where he would live until his death), Sucksdorff shot the fascinating Fábula (1965) in Rio de Janeiro. This feature film was co-produced with Sweden and it had been practically forgotten since its initial release. However, in the mid-1990s, in a project in partnership with the Banco do Brasil Cultural Center (CCBB), Chico Moreira, who was then the head of conservation at the Cinemateca do MAM, duplicated the film. Chico produced a new 16mm exhibition print optically reduced from the original 35mm internegative of the Brazilian version of the film which had been preserved by the film archive. In the 2000s, Hernani Heffner - who succeeded Chico at the Cinemateca do MAM - began to frequently screen that 16mm print of Fábula, always with enormous success among the public who were dazzled by this practically unknown work. Scholars soon became interested. João Luiz Vieira analyzed the film in the award-winning 2009 book “World Cinemas, Transnational Perspectives”, edited by Natasa Ďurovičová and Kathleen Newman. I myself wrote about the film in the catalog of the “Olhares Neo-Realistas” film series, held at the Banco do Brasil Cultural Center in 2006. The film also became the subject of a wider research project by professor Esther Hamburguer (USP), which brought to Brazil a digital copy of the Swedish version. The interest aroused by the film was such that in 2011 the Moreira Salles Institute financed the making of a new print of the Brazilian version – this time in 35mm – from the original internegative.

DVDs "Os filmes de Zózimo Bulbul" and " Obras raras: o cinema negro da década de 70" (Films of Zózimo Bulbul" and "Rare works: Black Cinema of the 70s)

Released in 2005 and 2006 through a partnership between the Centro de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento, Afro Carioca Cinema Center and the Palmares Cultural Foundation of the Ministry of Culture, the DVDs “Films of Zózimo Bulbul” and “Rare works: the black cinema of the 70s” were fundamental towards expanding the circulation of films by important black Brazilian filmmakers as well as contributing to their revaluation. The double DVD-set “Films of Zózimo Bulbul” featured six films by the actor and director, made between the 1970s and 2000s. Bulbul’s first short film Alma no Olho (1973) has been reevaluated as the masterpiece that it is, being recently chosen as the 11th best short film in the history of Brazilian cinema in a list made by the Brazilian Association of Film Critics (Abbracine) in 2019. The double DVD “Rare works: black cinema of the 70s” presented six films directed by Antunes Filho, Antonio Pitanga, Zózimo Bulbul, Ola Balogun, Waldir Onofre and Odilon Lopez. Of particular note is the feature film As aventuras amorosas de um padeiro (1975), Onofre's debut feature film produced by Nelson Pereira dos Santos. In addition to the black protagonist, this erotic comedy produced during the “climax” of pornochanchada stands out for its feminist tone, rare in a genre filled with sexist works. Thus, in addition to contributing to the growing interest in black cinema in the academic world, the DVD also helped newly highlight Onofre's cinema and, more broadly, the pornochanchada itself.

Event “Cinema Brasileiro, a vergonha de uma nação” (Brazilian Cinema, the Shame of a Nation)

Researcher Remier Lion had the ambition to hold a large retrospective of Brazilian exploitation films with this provocative title (a reference to Howard Hawks’ 1932 Scarface) at the Cinemateca do MAM when it had just resumed its programming after a serious crisis hit the institution in the early 2000s. However, his idea was not well received by the institution’s then curator Gilberto Santeiro, who was very uncomfortable with the provocation aimed at the respectability of Brazilian cinema. Despite this, Remier brought part of his program to film clubs in different locations of Rio de Janeiro, titling the new program “Malditos films brasileiros” (Damned Brazilian Films). Finally, the program reached the Cinemateca Brasileira, where it was held with enormous success in 2004, even leading Remier to join the programming team of the film archive. Working at the Cinemateca Brasileira provided Remier with access to even rarer materials for his project. Although Remier’s program can be understood as a general revision and revaluation of the films made at the “Boca do Lixo” (the neighborhood that gathered commercial film professionals in São Paulo from the 1960s to 1980s), the screening series “Brazilian Cinema: the shame of a nation” had a broader scope, incorporating a filmmaker that Remier was researching for a very long time, Nilo Machado, who independently produced strip-tease films in Rio de Janeiro since the 1960s. In general, the exhibition at the Cinemateca Brasileira shed light on several unknown examples of the long trajectory of Brazilian commercial, popular, and genre cinema, which had not yet been explored in Brazilian film historiography due to its penchant for emphasizing auteurs. Thus, this event received enormous media coverage and had great repercussion among film critics. It was also aligned with an academic research trend that was just burgeoning, exemplified by Rodrigo Pereira's dissertation “Western Feijoada: o faroeste no cinema brasileiro” (Unesp, 2002), or by works which were then yet to have been completed, including the doctoral theses of Laura Cánepa “Medo de que?: uma história do horror nos filmes brasileiros” (Unicamp, 2008) and Alfredo Suppia “Limite de alerta! Ficção cientifica em atmosfera rarefeita : uma introdução ao estudo da FC no cinema brasileiro e em algumas cinematografias off-Hollywood” (Unicamp, 2007).

Restoration of Aviso aos navegantes

With the sponsorship of BR Distribuidora and Petrobrás, the Centro de Pesquisadores do Cinema Brasileiro (CPCB) has carried out important restorations of films from different periods and directors over the last few decades. Perhaps the most notable restoration was the chanchada Aviso aos navegantes (Watson Macedo, 1950), completed between 1999 and 2000. When the 1950s musical comedies known as chanchadas started to be revaluated in the 1970s, Jean-Claude Bernardet highlighted Nem Sansão nem Dalila (Carlos Manga, 1954) as one of the most important political films in Brazilian cinema. From then on out, if any chanchada was included on the list of the most important Brazilian films of all time, it was usually this Hollywood parody full of criticism about the Getúlio Vargas government. Subsequently, based on studies such as those of João Luiz Vieira, Robert Stam and Arthur Autran, the film Carnaval Atlântida (José Carlos Burle, 1952) became the most valued example of the genre, with its reflexive character and sophisticated discussion about the politics of Brazilian cinema. Burle's film came to occupy the prominent place within the chanchada genre previously given to Carlos Manga's film. Produced before Carnaval Atlântida and Nem Sansão nem Dalila, Aviso aos navegantes stands out not as an exception to the genre, but as the rule. Rather than subverting the conventions of chanchadas, the film brilliantly employs all of its clichés, with an excellent cast of Oscarito and Grande Otelo, villain José Lewgoy and the romantic duo of Eliane Macedo and Anselmo Duarte. Restored by Chico Moreira at Labocine from different prints of various gauges, Aviso aos navegantes gradually and deservedly became the main chanchada reference for scholars of the genre.

Restoration of Moacyr Fenelon’s films.

Conducted by the Instituto para Preservação da Memória do Cinema Brasileiro (IPMCB), an organization run by Alice Gonzaga and Hernani Heffner, the restoration project of the films of Moacyr Fenelon extended between 2006 and 2010 and was sponsored by the Petrobrás Cultural Program. The project brought to light five feature films made between 1948 and 1951 that had not been seen in decades. Moacyr Fenelon is best known as a pioneer sound technician during the 1930s and as one of the creators of the Atlântida studio in 1941. Fenelon had the final part of his career recovered by the restoration project: the years when he created his company the Cine-Produções Fenelon and then joined Flama Filmes studio. Unfortunately, his relatively early death in 1953 prevented the director from having a more effective participation in the movement he helped to foster, keeping in mind that Nelson Pereira dos Santos not for nothing named the crew who made Rio 40 degrees, “Team Moacyr Fenelon”. In my PhD thesis, “Carnaval, mistério e gangsters: o filme policial no Brasil: 1915-1951” (UFF, 2011), two films restored by this project served as fundamental examples for my research of a dramatic cinema made during post-War times in Brazil: Obrigado, Doutor (1948), based on a homonymous radio series, and Domino Negro (1950), adapted from a novel by Hélio Soveral. More broadly, Fenelon's role as an “independent producer” was one of the main themes of Luís Alberto da Rocha Melo's fantastic PhD thesis, “Cinema Independente: produção, exibição e distribuição no Rio de Janeiro: 1948 to 1954 (UFF, 2011). In that thesis, he demonstrated Fenelon's pioneering leadership in developing the mode of production that would later be followed by “auteurs” who are identified today with the so-called “independent cinema of the 50s”, such as Alex Viany, Roberto Santos and Nelson Pereira dos Santos. Finally, Fenelon’s musical Poeira de Estrelas (1948) surprised today’s audiences by portraying the love between two women, receiving a pioneering analysis by Mateus Nagime in one of the chapters of his M.A. dissertation “Em busca das origens de um cinema queer no Brasil” (UFSCar, 2016).

DVD Box-Set “Coleção CTAv” (CTAv Collection)

Initiative of the Centro Técnico do Audiovisual (CTAv) in partnership with the Cinemateca Brasileira, the digitization of short films produced by the Instituto Nacional de Cinema Educativo (INCE), the Instituto Nacional de Cinema (INC) and Embrafilme, made a large number of documentaries produced by the State between the 1930s and the 1970s accessible. The beautiful DVD box-set “CTAv Collection” which resulted from the digitization project was sent to many universities for free. It contained 110 titles divided into 20 discs, not only allowing for a broader view of filmmaker Humberto Mauro’s filmography, but also shedding light on lesser-known works by several other important directors such as Leon Hirszman, Arthur Omar, Adhemar Gonzaga, Linduarte Noronha, and a wide range of educational, ethnographic, animation and compilation films. Mauro's rural education films from the 1950s, for example, would go on to be written about in a special chapter by Sheila Schwarzman in the recent book “Nova história do cinema brasileiro” (2018). Also, films that address the very history of Brazilian cinema such as the important Mulheres de cinema (Ana Maria Magalhães, 1976) was the subject of Luís Alberto Rocha Melo's chapter in the seminal book “Feminino e plural: mulheres no cinema brasileiro”, organized by Marina Tedesco and Karla Holanda, from his project on audiovisual historiography of Brazilian cinema. These films released on DVD also became accessible through the Banco de Conteúdos Culturais website (www.bcc.gov.br).5

Event “Cinema Marginal e suas fronteiras” (Cinema Marginal and its Borders)

Initially held in São Paulo in 2001, the film screening series “Cinema Marginal and its Borders” was perhaps the greatest event dedicated to Brazilian cinema among the series of outstanding screenings sponsored by the Banco do Brasil Cultural Center (CCBB) in the 2000s. Organized by the founder of Heco Produções Eugenio Puppo, the event brought together a wide range of films that had not been shown for many years, much less together. The event also helped to consolidate a successful formula for future events: film screenings + debates + catalog with texts specially written by specialists + new prints struck to premiere at the event. The impact of the experimental and iconoclast films made between the 1960s and 1970s was enormous, especially in comparison with the expensive and inexpressive films that comprised most of the contemporary Brazilian cinema of the “Retomada”. At UFF, professor João Luiz Vieira built a course around Cinema Marginal in light of the event, his students attending many screenings and becoming more interested in Cinema Marginal. In the wake of the event and its success, producers and critics from Rio de Janeiro later organized film series dedicated to directors Rogério Sganzerla and Julio Bressane, notable auteurs of the Cinema Marginal period. These series took place in the same cultural center, and new film prints were especially struck, allowing for the (re)discovery of lesser known titles from the filmography of these filmmakers.
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The event also had a major impact on the academic world, as a huge number of dissertations and theses were soon dedicated to Cinema Marginal. The topic of Cinema Marginal would soon go to supplant the Cinema Novo movement in popularity at universities. As a result of such success, Heco Produções launched the 2009 DVD collection “Cinema Marginal Brasileiro” in partnership with Lume and the Cinemateca Brasileira, institutions further collaborating to widely circulate Cinema Marginal films. At the same time, a film like Copacabana mon amour (Rogério Sganzerla, 1970), restored between 2013 and 2015 through the Petrobras Cultural Program and then released on DVD, became the subject of numerous academic research projects and became an often debated work at conferences.

Project “Resgate da obra cinematográfica de Gerson Tavares” (Rediscovery of Gerson Tavares’ Films)

Director of two fictional features in the 1960s and several short documentaries between the 1950s and 1970s, Gerson Tavares had his name and films erased from the history of Brazilian cinema. The project “Rediscovery of Gerson Tavares’ films” was approved in the first (and until today only) edition of the “Preservation and Conservation of the Fluminense Artistic Memory” public call4 by the Rio de Janeiro Secretariat of Culture in 2012. “Rediscovery of Gerson Tavares’ films” had the initial objective of restoring the film “Antes, o Verão” (1968), which was in danger of being lost as its only two remaining 35mm prints were already deteriorating. However, the scope of the project was widened, allowing us to digitize the feature film “Amor e desamor” (1966) as well as seven other shorts by the director. These films would go on to be released on a non-commercial double DVD. The completion of the project allowed for what was almost a new premiere of Gerson’s films, and a real rediscovery of the octogenarian director by new generations occurred. Often compared to Walter Hugo Khouri who worked in São Paulo, the work of Gerson Tavares is proof that there was quality dramatic cinema made in Rio de Janeiro in the 1960s outside of the Cinema Novo movement. Absent from most panoramic books on the history of Brazilian cinema until then, the project allowed the name of Gerson Tavares to be reinserted in that history. As an example, Fernão Ramos mentioned Gerson’s films in his chapter about Brazilian cinema of the 60s in the the recent book “Nova história do cinema brasileiro” (Sesc, 2018), organized by Sheila Schvarzman and Ramos himself.

DVD Box-Set “Resgate do cinema silencioso brasileiro” (Rescuing Silent Brazilian Cinema)

In his fundamental 1979 book “Cinema Brasileiro: propostas para uma história”, Jean-Claude Bernardet pointed out the importance of documentary (or “natural”) film in Brazilian silent cinema, despite the much greater attention allotted to fictional (“posado” or staged) film by historians. While the availability of newsreels, actualities and documentary films produced up until 1930 has always been scarce, these works in fact represent a much larger volume of preserved titles than the even scarcer availability of fiction films. A fundamental action towards providing access to silent documentary films was a project developed with the Cinemateca Brasileira by Carlos Roberto de Souza: the 2009 DVD box-set “Rescuing Silent Brazilian Cinema”. Sponsored by Caixa Econômica Federal, this box-set was composed of 27 films gathered into five DVDs and came with a booklet written by Carlos Roberto. Despite the presence of “posados” (fictional films), such as the oldest preserved fictional Brazilian film, Os óculos do vovô (Francisco Santos, 1913), the vast majority of titles within the box were “naturais” (that is, documentaries) grouped into 5 themes: “Riches of São Paulo”, “Aspects of Brazil", "Sciences (or occultism) and riches", "Daily life" and “Public ceremonies". The circulation of these films provided researchers with greater access to a wide range of films that had rarely been seen, promoting new research on Brazilian silent cinema. However, research into this field had already begun gaining momentum during gathering sessions of scholars at the Cinemateca Brasileira that resulted in the book “Viagem ao cinema silencioso do Brasil” (Azougue, 2011), organized by Samuel Paiva and Sheila Schvarzman, also largely dedicated to documentary silent films. In addition to that, important articles were written about this topic by Eduardo Morettin and Hernani Heffner. Subsequently, the films included in the DVDs became accessible through the Banco de Conteúdos Culturais website (www.bcc.gov.br).3

Canal Brasil's “Como era gostoso o nosso cinema” (How Tasty was Our Cinema) Program.

The emergence of pay-TV Channel Canal Brasil in 1998 provided a new window for showing old Brazilian films on television. Canal Brasil needed to acquire Brazilian cinema content for its programming, so they offered to pay producers for broadcasting rights in addition to paying for the telecine costs of films that did not yet have video copies (Beta, then Full-HD). For some Brazilian producers, especially producers of commercial works who had been unable to monetize their films since the decline of the VHS market in the mid-2000s, it was as if money was coming from heaven. They finally had a way to commercially release their films through Canal Brasil.
Naturally, the main type of film that reached Canal Brasil was the popular pornochanchada. These were soft-core porn films produced between the 1970s and 1980s. The telecineing of many pornochanchada films motivated Canal Brasil to create the program “How tasty was our cinema” (mocking the title of Nelson Pereira dos Santos’s 1971 film How Tasty was My Little Frenchman), a series of live airings dedicated to the genre. Soon after these pornochanchadas were shown on Canal Brasil, they became widely available (as people would pirate recordings of the live TV presentation and post them online). With new access to these films, an extraordinary revision of the genre occurred.
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Although authors such as Jean-Claude Bernardet, José Carlos Avellar and José Mário Ortiz Ramos wrote about pornochanchadas in the 1970s and 1980s, few working within the field of academia after them (perhaps with the exception of Nuno Cesar Abreu) realized the quality and perspicacity of these pioneering works. Only more recently have there been new academic dissertations that go beyond a totalizing and simplistic analysis of the genre. These texts move away from the point of view that pornochanchadas merely held a mechanistic relationship with censorship, and that the “birth” of the genre was merely the result of State repression. Instead, they focus on specific films and filmographies, pointing out the diversity of pornochanchadas in terms of themes, approaches and quality.
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M.A. dissertations such as Luiz Paulo Gomes Neves’ “A construção de um profeta: A prática discursiva enquanto distinção de autoria no gênero pornochanchada” (UFF, 2012) and Luciano Carneiro de Oliveira Júnior’s “Masculinidades excessivas e ambivalentes na pornochanchada dos anos 1980” (UFF, 2019), both supervised by professor Mariana Baltar, are two good examples of the kind of positive influence that a large number of digitally available titles can have on film genre studies.

1. Telecine is the process of transferring motion picture film into video. Telecine enables a motion picture, captured originally on film stock, to be viewed with standard video equipment such as television sets, video cassette recorders (VCR), DVD, Blu-ray Disc or computers.

2. One exception to this is actor, director, and producer Carlo Mossy, whose films were acquired by Canal Brasil and then also released in a 2013 DVD collection.

3. Due to Cinemateca Brasileira’s current crisis resulting from recent government actions, the website of the Banco de Conteúdos Culturais, hosted by the Cinemateca, has often suffered from technical problems

4. In Brazil, governments occasionally put out “public calls”, which are similar to grants. Public calls are opportunities open to anybody to compete to get something funded, usually cultural works or research projects.

5. See 3